Abortion Pill

Mifepristone, also known as RU486 or ‘the abortion pill’, is a drug that induces miscarriage if taken in the first three months of pregnancy. It can also be used as emergency contraception following unprotected sex. RU486 offers a safe, reliable and non-surgical means of abortion.

RU486 is not currently available in Australia for the purposes of inducing abortion. It is available in about 33 countries, mainly in Europe.

Most abortions in Australia are performed using what is called suction aspiration. The woman’s cervix is dilated (stretched open) and a tube is inserted into the uterus to vacuum out the foetus and placenta. Afterwards the uterus is scraped with a special instrument (curette) to make sure that no products of conception remain. This is known as a ‘surgical abortion’.

RU486 explained
RU486 can be used to induce abortion in pregnancies that are about nine weeks or less. A successful pregnancy needs high levels of the hormone progesterone. RU486 works by blocking the action of progesterone.

In some cases, RU486 can be taken by itself. The woman can go home from the doctor’s surgery or clinic about one hour after swallowing the pill. It is important that she have a telephone at home so that she can contact the doctor or medical staff if needed.

In most cases, RU486 is supplemented with another drug, prostaglandin (to soften the cervix and help the uterus contract). About two days after the RU486 tablet is swallowed, the woman returns to the clinic and the doctor administers prostaglandin. This may be taken orally or suppositories may be inserted into the vagina.

What to expect
The doctor gives the woman a pregnancy test and a physical examination. A review of her medical history helps the doctor to decide if the woman is a suitable candidate for RU486. Counselling is offered. The woman signs a consent form. The woman is given the RU486 pill in the doctor’s office or clinic and must wait at least one hour before going home. The woman will typically experience:

* Feelings of queasiness or faintness for a short time
* Vaginal bleeding after about 12 hours
* Bleeding and cramping similar to a bad period – women who usually experience painful periods are more likely to have severe cramping
* Headache, dizziness, nausea, diarrhoea and chills (these may be experienced by some women who require the additional treatment with prostaglandin).

Taking care of yourself at home
Pads rather than tampons should be used. Over-the-counter paracetamol should be enough to manage the cramps – if not, the doctor may prescribe pain-killing drugs.

It is important not to smoke, drink alcohol or use herbal supplements or illegal drugs for at least 48 hours after the procedure. Women should avoid sex for about two weeks to reduce the risk of infection. Follow-up appointments with the doctor or clinic should be kept. The doctor may give the woman blood tests or other tests (such as ultrasound) to make sure that all products of conception have been passed.

Some women should not take RU486
RU486 isn’t recommended for all women who would like an abortion. The procedure may be unsuitable for:

* Smokers aged 35 years or older
* Women with certain medical conditions such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, bleeding problems or hypertension
* Patients taking long-term steroid medications or blood-thinning medications
* Ectopic pregnancy
* Pregnancies more than about nine weeks gestation
* Women who have experienced prior allergic reactions to drugs containing mifepristone
* Women fitted with an intra-uterine device (the IUD must be surgically removed before taking RU486).

Advantages of RU486
The World Health Organization (WHO) believes that RU486 is an important treatment that should be made available to women in developing countries. Some of the advantages of RU486 include:

* About 95 women out of every 100 who take RU486 in the first nine weeks of pregnancy achieve a complete abortion.
* Unlike a surgical abortion, a sterile operating environment is not necessary. The risk of infection is very small.
* The risk of maternal death is extremely low.
* RU486 is a cheaper, less invasive option than surgical abortion.
* Anaesthesia is not needed.
* RU486 does not require the services of a skilled surgeon, unlike surgical abortion. This makes it an attractive alternative for women living in remote areas.
* Most women don’t need pain-killing drugs.
* Women who have used RU486 say that it is less stressful, clinical and emotionally charged than surgical abortion.
* Most women who use RU486 successfully abort without complications. No further medical or surgical treatment is needed.

Disadvantages of RU486
Disadvantages include:

* Bleeding may go on for weeks in some cases. The woman should seek advice from her doctor if the vaginal bleeding does not stop within a few days of the procedure.
* In about one woman in every 300, the bleeding is heavy enough to require medical intervention. A surgical abortion and sometimes a blood transfusion may need to be performed.
* Rarely, a woman may develop an infection. This can be treated with antibiotics. In a few cases, infection has been fatal. It should be remembered, however, that there is a small risk of death in any pregnancy.
* The pill does not work for about five women out of every 100 who take RU486. A surgical abortion is needed.
* RU486 can take days to work. A surgical abortion only takes about 15 minutes.
* If the administration of RU486 doesn’t work, and the woman changes her mind and decides to go ahead with the pregnancy, the baby is at increased risk of birth defects.

Where to get help

* Your doctor
* Family Planning Victoria
* Women’s health centre

Things to remember

* RU486 is an oral pill that induces medical abortion by blocking the action of the pregnancy hormone progesterone.
* RU486 offers a safe, reliable and non-surgical means of abortion but is not currently available in Australia for the purposes of abortion.
* RU486 isn’t recommended for all women seeking abortion.

Abortion Methods Described

Suction Abortion: Used during the first three months of pregnancy - A suction tube (27 times stronger than a home vacuum cleaner) is inserted into the womb. The powerful suction tears the baby apart limb from limb and sucks it from the womb along with the placenta. The baby's remains are deposited into an attached waste bottle.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C): Used at the end of the third month of pregnancy (approximately 12 weeks) - The cervix is dialated, ring forceps are inserted into the womb and the baby is extracted piece by piece. Then a curette (a sharp knife in a loop shape) is inserted and used to scrape away any of the baby or the placenta that remains. Profuse bleeding follows.

Dilation and Extraction (D&E): Used after 13 weeks - The cervix is dialated and the unborn child is dismembered with plier-like forceps. Force is needed to pull the baby apart. The instrument is used to seize a leg or other part of the body and then, with a twisting motion, tear it from the baby's body. The baby's spine is snapped and the skull crushed. After the baby parts are removed, they are reassembled outside the womb to be sure all are removed. Frequently baby parts are left inside the mother's womb. This can cause serious complications and sometimes death.

Help is available for women who have been injured by abortion or for the families of women who have died from abortion. You can read about tragic abortion injury cases and find out who to call for legal help by clicking: Abortion Injuries or Deaths? Call: 1-800-U-CAN-SUE.

Partial-Birth Abortion: Partial-Birth Abortions are used from the 4th month through the end of the 9th month of pregnancy. These late-term abortions are regularly used to kill healthy babies that pose no danger or threat to their mother.

For this abortion, the abortionist uses ultrasound to locate the unborn baby's legs. Forceps are then used to pull the baby's legs through the birth canal, delivering the baby feet first, except for the head. Scissors are then used to puncture the base of the back of the head. A suction device is then inserted to suction out the baby's brain so the skull will easily collapse. The dead baby is then removed.

Congress and the Senate voted twice to outlaw these gruesome abortions. Unfortunately, President Clinton wants them to remain legal and he vetoed the bill both times the legislation was sent to him for his signature. Because of President Clinton's two vetoes, this horrifying method of child-killing remains legal today.

Why would Clinton veto a ban on Partial-Birth Abortion when so many doctors and medical professionals were recommending that they be outlawed? The American medical Association's Council on Legislation voted UNANIMOUSLY to recommend to the AMA Board of Trustees to endorse the Ban on Partial-Birth Abortions.

Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, along with hundreds of physicians and the Physicians' Ad Hoc Coalition for Truth (PHACT) said that this "procedure" is never necessary to save the life of the mother.

Dr. Nancy Romer, FACOG, Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Miami Valley Hospital in Ohio said, "People deserve to know that the partial-birth abortion is never medically indicated either to save the health of a woman or preserve her future fertility."

Dr. Martin Haskell, an abortionist who specializes in these late-term abortions, has admitted to performing over 1,000 of these abortions. He stated in a recorded interview with the American Medical News (the official newspaper of the AMA) that: "In my particular case, probably 20% (of these procedures) are for genetic reasons. And the other 80% are purely elective." That means in 80% (that's over 800 babies) there was no health risk for the mother and the baby had no handicaps.

It has been documented that thousands of these abortions are performed each year. A New Jersey newspaper reporter with the Bergen County Record discovered and reported that 1,500 babies are killed each year by partial-birth abortion at one New Jersey "Hospital" alone.

It's hard to know exactly how many of these abortions are performed each year, but we do know that the Centers for Disease Control reported there are over 17,000 abortions performed each year on babies older than 4 1/2 months gestation. Whether it's partial-birth abortion, or some other barbaric method, it's a tragic holocaust.

If you would like to voice your outrage over these late-term abortions, please call the abortion telephone poll at 1-900-PRO-LIFE. You can find information about the telephone poll on our website by clicking 1-900-PRO-LIFE telephone poll.

Saline amniocentesis: Used after 16 weeks - A concentrated salt solution is injected with an amniocenteses needle into the amniotic fluid. The baby breathes and swallows it and dies over an hour later of acute salt poisoning. The mother then delivers a dead burned baby. Use has declined because of dangers for the mother and sometimes the baby survives.

Prostaglandin: Used late-term - Prostaglandin is injected into the amniotic sac causing premature labor and delivery of a dead baby.

Inter-cardiac injections: Poison is injected into the chest or heart of the fetus via a long needle inserted through the mother’s abdomen. The dead baby is absorbed. Sometimes this results in the loss of all the babies when using this method for "pregnancy reduction" with multi-fetal pregnancies.

Chemical Abortions: The Pill, RU486, methotrexate, Norplant, IUD’s, prostaglandin’s, and Depo Provera all cause early abortions. You may not be aware of the fact that the Pill has a "back up" abortifacient action that works to kill a baby very early in its development if ovulation occurs and conception takes place. With some of the new "mini-pills," scientific research shows that ovulation takes place in 67-81% of the women who use these "birth control pills."

Dr. Ronald Chez, a scientist at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), publicly stated that the new Pills of today, with their lower estrogen dose, allow ovulation up to 50% of the time! It is estimated that Chemical "Contraceptives" cause between 7 to 12 million early abortions each year in America (Source: Study of Abortion Deaths Ad Hoc Commission 1995). Most women using the Pill (and other "birth control" methods listed above) do not know they can become pregnant and have early abortions.

To find out more about the Pill and other chemicals that cause early abortions, click on: "Birth Control Abortions".

Misleading Claims about Abortion . . .

Claim: "It's my body."

Answer: A woman's body does not have two beating hearts, two blood types, two heads, four eyes, four arms, and four legs. A pregnant woman and her baby have all this and more. And what about when she's pregnant with a male baby? That's not her body . . . it's a unique, baby boy growing in her womb.

Claim: "It's only a fetus."

Answer: FACT: A fetus is a human being..... Fetus -- literally meaning "little one" in Latin -- refers to the pre-born baby after eight week's gestation. Webster's Dictionary says a fetus has, "passed the early stages of development and attained the basic final form prior to parturition (birth)." Some people seem to have forgotten they once lived and grew in the womb as a "fetus." Would it have been okay if they had been aborted when they were "only a fetus?"

Claim: "Abortion is legal, therefore, it must be right."

Answer: The U.S. Supreme Court has been wrong on many major decisions and then overturned itself. Remember the Dred Scott case on slavery? If the Supreme Court suddenly declared child abuse or rape legal, would that make them right? Would we ignore such injustices and do nothing to protect the innocent?

Claim: "Freedom of Choice" - It's a woman's "right to choose!"

Answer: How can anyone claim they have the "freedom" or "right" to kill an innocent baby? The only "choice" in abortion is between a dead baby and a live baby. Furthermore, advocates who defend this "choice" are not consistent. Why is it only in the case of abortion they argue that "choice" should be absolute? Using the same rationale, wouldn't people have the right to "choose" to use drugs ("it's my body") or the right to "choose" to practice prostitution? Humane societies don't tell people they have a "Freedom of Choice" to kill their own children. There are right choices and wrong choices. In recent history, millions of innocent people died because of terribly wrong choices which slave owners and Nazis thought they had a "right" to make. Terrible choices have led to dead slaves, dead Jews, and dead babies.

Claim: "The government shouldn't interfere."

Answer: Our Declaration of Independence declares that each of us has an "inalienable right to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Thomas Jefferson defined government's role, "The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only object of good government." Government should protect all of us, especially before we are born, when we are most vulnerable.

Claim: "Poor women need public funds (your tax money) to pay for abortions so they're not be discriminated against."

Answer: The rich can readily afford cocaine and prostitutes. Should taxpayers also be forced to buy these for the poor? The bottom line is that abortion is the worst form of child abuse. It kills a baby and wounds the mother for life. If the poor cannot afford abortions, they and their children are blessed not to become victims of this bloody holocaust.

Claim: "I'm personally opposed to abortion, but I would not impose my morality on others."

Answer: What about other moral issues like rape, robbery, child abuse, arson and murder? What if politicians said, "I'm personally opposed, but . .. ." They'd be kicked out of office on the spot! What about slavery? If abolitionists had bought this "personally opposed, but" argument, some states could still be saddled with slavery today. Every law ever passed sets standards which reflect someone's (or a body of lawmakers') morality. A politician who won't vote against something he/she is morally opposed to doesn't have an ounce of honesty in his/her blood.

Claim: Privacy - "In 1973, The Supreme Court said women have a "constitutional right" to privacy on abortion."

Answer: The Court has been wrong before and it is wrong on this decision. Nobody has a right to injure or kill another person "privately." Does a "right to privacy" also protect parents who abuse, molest or kill their born children in the "privacy" of their home? Why not? What about their "privacy?" How is it that Roe v. Wade determined that unborn children are not "persons" even though they have the right to inherit property, the right to be protected from a drug-addicted mother, the right not to be killed by a drunk driver, and many other rights. Some states have entire sections of law outlining Crimes Against Unborn Children in which they are protected from negligent or willful harm or death from conception on.

Claim: "Dred Scott and Roe v. Wade aren't comparable."

Answer: Yes, they are comparable in that the Supreme Court was wrong to deny inalienable rights in both cases. The Dred Scott decision of 1857 upheld slavery as legal. That was wrong. It decreed that black people are the private property of the slave owners. This was a grave error made by the Supreme Court, denying African-Americans one of their most fundamental human rights -- the right to Liberty. In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court erred again by denying a whole class of human beings (pre-born babies) the most fundamental right -- the right to Life.

Claim: "If legal abortions are banned, women will resort to dangerous back alley abortions."

Answer: In 1972, the year before the Supreme Court legalized abortion, a total of 39 women died from illegal abortions, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Dr. Bernard Nathanson, co-founder of NARAL (National Abortion Rights Action League), admits his group lied and inflated the number of women who died from illegal abortion when testifying before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1972: "We spoke of 5,000 - 10,000 deaths a year. I confess that I knew the figures were totally false . . . it was a useful figure, widely accepted, so why go out of our way to correct it with honest statistics?" Claims that abortion became safer for women after it was legalized fail to acknowledge that large numbers of women are physically injured or killed by so-called "safe and legal" abortions every year. The book "Lime 5" documents 230 cases of women injured or killed by abortion or sexually assaulted by their abortionists (see page 18 and www.prolife.com for details). Former abortion provider Carol Everett states, "In the last 18 months I was in business (Everett ran four abortion centers in Texas in 1982), we were completing 500 abortions monthly and killing or maiming one woman out of 500."

Claim: Rape & incest - "Abortion should be legal to end a pregnancy resulting from rape or incest."

Answer: It's important to remember that the child conceived in rape, or incest, is no less human than any other child. Dr. David Reardon (www.afterabortion.com) points out that abortion is the very worst "solution" that can be offered to the pregnant woman at this crisis time in her life. Abortion compounds her problems. Abortion makes her an aggressor against her own innocent child and it never makes the painful memories of rape go away. If a small child were killed in the street by a negligent driver and it was later determined that the child had been conceived in rape, would the driver be held less responsible? Is that child's death less tragic?

Claim: "It's a woman's issue. Men should have no say."

Answer: Every baby has a mother and a father. Why should fathers be denied their parental rights? Men have a natural instinct to defend the innocent and the weak. More than half of America's pro-life movement is made up of women who want men to join their cause. Many women became pro-life after discovering their abortion was a terrible mistake. They know how painful abortion is from first hand experience and many ask men to get involved so fewer women and babies will become victims of abortion.

Men shoul ejaculate more - Say Scientists

Experts said some couples seemed to believe men should hold their sperm "in" for days or weeks to improve its quality.

But the Australian research shows the chances of pregnancy are lower if a couple waits for long stretches between sex sessions.

A study found that getting men with damaged sperm to ejaculate daily improved its quality when couples were undergoing IVF.

Researchers in Sydney studied 42 men with abnormal sperm structure whose partners had suffered repeated miscarriages or failed IVF attempts.

The men were told to ejaculate daily for seven days and these samples were compared with ejaculation after three days of abstinence.

A total of 37 patients had less sperm damage - or DNA fragmentation - if they ejaculated daily compared with after three days, the study found.

The research was presented at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine conference in Washington DC.

Dr Allan Pacey, senior lecturer in andrology at the University of Sheffield and secretary of the British Fertility Society, said it was important to understand the "trade-off" between genetic damage to the sperm and quantity.

He said: "If you get above 30 to 40% damaged DNA, a man is highly likely to be infertile.

"There is a population of men who have a history of IVF failure and miscarriage in their partners, in whom there is an underlying concern about the DNA quality in their sperm.

"This research shows that when you put people on a daily ejaculation regime, it reduces that figure for DNA damage.

"If you can go from 30% down to 20% that is quite a big shift and that should have implications for fertility."

Dr Pacey said some couples believed they had a better chance of achieving pregnancy if they waited a long time between making love.

"There are men out there who think, or whose partners think, that limiting ejaculation will make them more fertile," he said.

"I remember one couple in which the woman would only let the man ejaculate when she was in her fertile period, so the poor chap was going without for almost a month at a time.

"But if sperm is released in a steady stream, the sperm that is ejaculated are newer and less damaged.

"There is a trade-off between genetic damage and quantity, so when a couple is first trying to get pregnant a wait of two to three days is probably advisable.

"But if you are a guy who has high DNA damage and a decent sperm count, it is probably in your interest to ejaculate every day.

Lack of Orgasm

Causes of Lack of orgasm:

The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of Lack of orgasm. There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor about your symptoms.

• Physical conditions interfering with female sexuality:
  • Tiredness
  • Inadequate foreplay
  • Poor sexual technique
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Painful intercourse
  • Hormonal influences
  • Certain gynecological disorders
  • See also causes of loss of libido, painful intercourse, and vaginal dryness
• Emotions or other thoughts interfering with female sexual enjoyment:
  • Fear of pregnancy
  • Fear of sexually transmitted diseases
  • Fear of painful intercourse
  • Relationship difficulty (see Disorganization)
  • General stress
  • Anxiety
  • Guilt
  • Shame (see Society problems)
  • Boredom
  • Slow degradation of sexual interest in long relationships
  • Lack of emotional involvement
  • Deep-seated emotional disorder (see Emotional symptoms)
  • Prior sexual abuse
• Psychological disorders that may interfere with female orgasm:
  • Dyspareunia
  • Sexual aversion disorder
  • Sexual pain disorder
  • Depression
  • Dysthymia
  • Frigidity - an older term now superceded by sexual aversion disorder

Find more info on this subject here

Trimming & Shaving of Pubic Hair

The practice of trimming and shaving the pubic hair appears to be gaining in popularity. I do not know how wide spread this practice is, but it is popular amongst women in some segments of American society. This practice is nothing new, women of many societies and cultures have in the past, and in present day, removed or trimmed their pubic hair. Some cultures considered pubic hair totally unacceptable on women, or both men and women. There is not a place on this planet where at least some portion of the native female population has not trimmed or removed their pubic hair.

The likely reason why so many societies adopted the practice is personal hygiene. Those of us who live in modern cities often forget most of the world's population does not have running water in their homes or access to clean water to bathe in. While a woman with pubic hair is not unhealthy or unclean, removal of her pubic hair often makes personal hygiene easier. This is because the natural body fluids that a woman's body produces can collect in the hair, especially menstrual blood. It takes less water and is easier to care for the vulva when these fluids cannot dry and adhere to the surrounding pubic hair. American and European women who remove their pubic hair today, even though they have access to running water in their homes, often report they find it easier to keep their vulva clean, and they often feel drier during their daily activities. This is particularly true during their menstrual period. It is unlikely so many cultures would adopt this practice, for men and women, if there were not some benefit.

What purpose does pubic hair serve? While it can protect the delicate vulvar tissues its primary purpose today is seen as decorative. If pubic hair had a major biological purpose, all women would have it, which is not the case. Women of some racial groups naturally have little or no pubic hair. They do not seem to suffer as a result. Some feel pubic hair serves to collect a woman's scent, so potential partners can check to see if she is ready for sex, to reproduce. Since it is not appropriate to smell the genitals of our mates to see if they are in the mood, and since we can no longer detect their scent at any distance, this function has been lost to evolution. Pubic hair often serves more of a social function than a biological one.

Pubic hair is often seen as a symbol of womanhood. A woman has pubic hair, a girl does not. A woman may feel more womanly knowing she has pubic hair. A girl may want pubic hair so she can call herself a woman. Some women who trim and shave their pubic hair always leave at least a small patch of hair so everyone will know she is a woman and not a girl. Many women following abdominal surgery mention how they disliked the appearance of their shaven vulva, because it reminded them of a little girl's, not a woman's. Women often base their adult identity on the presence of developed breasts and pubic hair. These are social definitions of womanhood, not biological ones. As mentioned above, some women naturally do not have pubic hair, does this mean they are less womanly? In addition, body hair is often associated with masculinity. If a woman has a lot of pubic hair is she more womanly or masculine? Social ideals can be pretty confusing and unrealistic.

Body hair on women has come to serve a political purpose in Western society. Since women usually remove their body hair because of social pressures and expectations, and men are seen to control society, some feminists felt women could gain more control over their lives and send a message by not removing their body hair. Some feminists preached that a modern emancipated woman would never remove her body hair. To be free she had to let her body hair grow freely. Any woman who did shave was a slave to society and particularly men. While this concept is perhaps based on fact, it overlooked one major factor that feminist were seeking to gain, freedom for the individual woman. So instead of a woman doing as society as a whole expected of her, she had to do what her social group or her own sex required of her. She had no freedom to choose what was right for her based on her own situation. Whether a woman has body hair or pubic hair should be the result of her own personal decision. Even so, social pressure will always play a part in her decision.

Even in cultures where it is considered normal and acceptable for women to have body hair, some women still prefer to remove it all. This seems to be true in many European countries. Some women who remove their pubic hair grew up in a society where body hair was the norm, unlike much of American society. This seems to show the desire to remove one's body hair is not completely the cause of social conditioning, and can simply be the result of personal preference.

Since pubic hair is seen as a symbol of womanhood, women who remove their pubic hair are sometimes seen as less womanly, as having a girlish attribute. She is more girl than woman. As such, a "normal" man or woman should not find her sexually attractive. The only persons that did would have to be sexually attracted to preadolescent girls, a pedophile. While shaving your pubic hair can make you appear more youthful, it does not make you younger or look like a child. An adult woman without pubic hair is not going to be mistaken for a five-year-old girl. A pedophile is not likely to prefer a shaven woman to a child as they often cannot relate to adult women and as a result cannot develop a sexual relationship with them. Some pedophiles are simply opportunist and will use any female they can, regardless of the their age or physical appearance. A man or woman who prefers a partner to remove their pubic hair is not automatically a pedophile. They may just prefer it for the reasons given below. It really is no different from preferring short brown hair instead of long blonde hair.

A woman may not like having pubic hair since she did not as a child. A young girl who never sees adult women naked may believe they too do not have pubic hair. If the only examples of adult female bodies she sees are those of her "adult" dolls that have neither pubic hair nor genitals, this too can lead her to the same conclusion. Some girls who know that adult women have pubic hair prefer their hairless vulva and are not the least bit excited about the idea of growing pubic hair themselves. Girls often see getting pubic hair as a sign of growing up and becoming a woman, some girls are a bit fearful of these changes and are happy being a girl and do not want to be a woman. It is for these reasons that some teenage girls starting shaving their pubic hair as soon as it starts growing and why some adult women dislike or even hate having pubic hair.

As a result of childhood experiences men and women may develop a preference for sexual partners who do not have pubic hair. As a result of childhood exploration and sex play boys and girls may come to expect that no one has pubic hair. It is not unusual for a child to see pubic hair as unattractive. Even if a child knows their parents have pubic hair, they may not be able to envision themselves or their playmates with pubic hair later in life. They may not be able to comprehend how their body can change to be like that of their parents. For these reasons I would not consider it abnormal for an adult to prefer that they and/or their partner not to have pubic hair. If a person's first sexual partner(s), during childhood, did not have pubic hair, why cannot they all be that way?

There can be many sexual benefits to trimming one's pubic hair, even if one does not remove it in its entirety. Pubic hair when long and thick can completely obscure a woman's genitals and create a barrier between her and her genitals. A woman who trims or shaves her pubic hair becomes more aware of her genitals and sexuality. A woman, or teenager, will likely develop a pretty intimate relationship with her genitals as a result of trimming or shaving her pubic hair. For starters, it requires them to look at their vulva, often on a regular basis. Something they perhaps could not do as a child and do not do as an adult. As a result of their increased awareness they come to know their anatomy better and learn to like and appreciate their genitals more. They may come to realize that there is more to their genitals than a patch of hair and a hole, a vagina. Many women are amazed by the softness and complexity of their genitals. These sexual benefits have no bearing on a woman's partner or their partner's personal preference. A teen who has never had a sexual partner is just as likely to benefit as is a thirty five year old woman who has had twenty partners. It is for these reasons that others and I encourage all women to trim their pubic hair short at least once in adulthood, but this should not be seen as a requirement. On the other hand, if a woman does not like having short pubic hair, it grows back.

Having short or no pubic hair can have its advantages during partner sex. First your partner may prefer it and find it sexually stimulating. As a result they find you more desirable. A woman's partner may prefer to be able to see what they are about to lick with their tongue and insert their fingers or penis into. A thick growth of pubic hair may obscure one's view of a woman's genitals and cause you to be curious or even fearful of what lies behind. Women who like oral sex often find it more enjoyable when their sensitive skin is directly exposed to their partner's tongue and not protected by a layer of hair. Their partner also does not have to worry about getting hair in their mouth. Some women like to shave because of sexual roles they act out, the naughty schoolgirl, the submissive slave, or the seductive flasher. The trimming and shaving of the pubic hair is just one way of enhancing sex, solo and with a partner.

While I encourage women to consider trimming or shaving their pubic hair, there are valid reasons for them not to. If a woman does not perceive she will benefit or feels that she cannot, she probably will not. A woman has to be curious and open minded if she is notice any benefits from this practice. While some women trim or shave at the request of their partner and find they too love it, this is not always the case.

It seems it is not uncommon a woman's partner to ask repeatedly that she shave or trim her pubic hair. Some literally beg. I think many women see this as a deviant request. Many women may believe their partner wants them to look like a little girl. Others do not understand why their partner does not accept them the way they are. While it is not appropriate for a woman's partner to pressure her into changing her pubic hair, it is important to remember that it is just hair, it grows back if you do not like the new look and sensations. This is certainly a situation where partners can compromise. A woman can trim versus shave. She can request that her partner does the same as she does. If she trims so do they, if she shaves, they shave. While I respect a woman's choice, I do not think women should associate any more importance to this activity than it warrants, and the same goes for her partner. A woman still has the right to say no, and her partner needs to accept her decision whatever it is.

While all women can trim their pubic hair, shaving may be impractical for some. If you have a lot of pubic hair that extends along your thighs and up to your navel, shaving just your pubic area may look peculiar. If you remove it all, that is a lot of work and probably is not worth the effort. Some women with coarse pubic hair may find it uncomfortable or painful to shave and that their skin is always irritated. Even if a woman chooses to shave she may find it does not work for her, even if she likes the look and feel. Only trial and error will tell.

For women who just want to trim their pubic hair there are no special techniques or skills required. A comb and a pair of scissors are all the tools needed. An electric or battery operated beard trimmer can come in handy as then you can quickly trim the hair to a uniform length. There is probably less of a chance of an accidental nick or cut if you do use one. Touch ups take only seconds. A woman can slowly trim her hair shorter and shorter until she finds a look she likes. She can use a beard trimmer to remove all her hair if she chooses without actually shaving. This is perhaps a wise choice for the beginner since it does not cut the hair below the skin line. While you won't look or feel baby smooth, you will for all practical purposes be shaven. Beard trimmers can be acquired in department stores in the USA for less than $20, for a battery operated one. A wise investment for any woman serious about trimming or shaving her pubic hair.

Shaving can be a bumpy road for the beginner. Women often complain about the resulting irritation and itching that occurs. Women hearing other women's accounts of what happened to them often are reluctant to shave themselves, understandably. The likely cause for these adverse side affects is doing too much too soon. The first time shaver often goes from a full bush to baby soft in a single session. This is pretty hard on the delicate tissues of the vulva. The skin just is not use to the irritations associated with shaving. Any woman who decides to shave needs to acknowledge that it won't be a risk free adventure. Many of the women who shave say it took time for their bodies to get use to shaving and for them to figure out a shaving technique that worked best for them. While some women may find they are able to shave without difficulty, I believe most women are not so lucky. It is for this reason a woman should only shave if she is sure she wants to and is willing to experiment and tolerate some mild discomfort in the beginning. This is not something a woman should do if she sees it only as a one-time event. If they do, it had better be a very special event to justify the discomfort they will likely experience afterwards.

Below are some tips for women interested in shaving their pubic area:

• Go in steps. Unless it is very important for you to surprise your partner, do not go from full bush to totally bare all at once. Start by just trimming the hair a little shorter each week. Perhaps using a beard trimmer. Once the hair is short all over, start shaving the outer labia. The outer labia seem to tolerate shaving better than does the pubic mound. The following week or so start making the patch of short hair on your pubic mound smaller and smaller by trimming and shaving. If you start noticing irritation developing, do not remove any additional hair until the irritation goes away. This is done by experimenting with different razor strokes, different shave creams and jells, different razors, different clothing, etc. It may take time for the skin to get use to shaving, since the razor likely scraps away the outer layer of tissue and can cut the hair below the skin line resulting in redness and ingrown hairs. Some women may find they cannot shave their pubic mound, and as a result only trim the hair there very short.

• It takes time. In the beginning expect to spend thirty to sixty minutes each time you groom your pubic region. If you are going for the bare look right off the bat, plan on a couple hours. Once you and your body are use to shaving, it only takes a couple minutes to shave the pubic area, if done every day, or every other day.

• Use only new razor blades EVERY time. The coarse pubic hair will dull the blades very quickly. Unless you are into self-torture never use a blade to shave your legs then use it on your pubic area. That equates to ouch in capital letters! If you use an electric razor, make sure its blades are not old.

• Use a good razor, perhaps one with special blades and a pivoting head. Some women's razors now have wide handles so you have more to hold onto. You may need to try several to find one that works best. You might just want to buy one of each type of disposable you find at your local store and give them all a try.

• Start out using thick shaving foams or jells. Apply a new layer of foam or jell after each pass with the razor. You want some lubrication between your delicate skin and that razor sharp blade. Use those intended for sensitive skin. Menthol or eucalyptus may make the skin tingle, but may help soothe the vulva in the long run. (If they start to burn, rinse right away.)

• Shave in the evening. This is because the amount of time it takes, and because you will want to remain nude or just wearing a nightshirt or gown afterwards. Once you get use to shaving you can do it in the shower in the morning in a couple minutes.

• Tight cloths are out in the beginning, if not always. Your sensitive skin is not going to be able to tolerate anything rubbing against it after the top layer of skin has been scrapped away. You should not wear any clothing that allows cloth to rub against your vulva. Wear dresses and skirts. Do not wear panties, wear tap pants or men's boxers instead. If possible go without underwear. The elastic legs of you regular panties may irritate your bikini line. Tight jeans are likely a very bad idea. Going bottomless will likely feel pretty strange when you start shaving and it may be hard not to think about. This is actually good as it makes you more aware of your sexuality. You will eventually get use to the bare and exposed feeling.

• Soak in a warm bath or take a warm shower prior to shaving. This softens the hair and makes it easier to cut. This will account for most of the time it takes to groom your pubic region.

• After shaving sleep nude or only with a nightshirt on, socks are okay. No pants or panties. You do not want anything rubbing against your sensitive vulva as you sleep. If you use sanitary napkins, just sleep on top of a couple old towels if you are having your period.

• Do not shave closely at first. Do not press into the skin. Make one light pass with the blade then move to the next area. You won't remove all the hair, but it will decrease the amount of irritation you experience. With each subsequent shaving more hair will be removed. Go slow and be gentle.

• Stretch the skin with one hand while you shave with the other. This is particularly true near your labia. The groove next to your clitoris may be hard to shave and it will likely take practice to become proficient at it.

• Shave in the direction of the hair growth, this usually means down on your pubic mound and diagonally near your outer labia. Just observe your hair growth pattern after you trim the hair short. Some experienced women shave against the hair growth, after first going with the grain, using a very light stroke and a fresh layer of shaving gel or foam. This results in a very close shave. This may not be a good idea for the beginner.

• Shave every other day in the beginning. Women often report they do not notice things starting to itch until their hair starts growing out. Shave every other day and use light strokes. In the beginning do not go for the baby smooth look and feel. Once you get practiced and your skin gets use to shaving, continue to shave every other day or daily. If you want to shave your vulva and like it that way, you cannot just shave occasionally. The irritation will drive you crazy.

• After shaving apply a lotion to your vulva to soothe the skin. Be careful of scents or other additives that may irritate your delicate skin. Baby oil may lubricate the skin and decrease the amount of friction. The same with baby power, but powder is bad for the vulva and vagina, so use it sparingly. There is a cream called "Bikini Zone" that is designed to help relieve the irritation caused by shaving, but is kind of expensive, but may be worth it for the beginner.

• Use a self-standing mirror and a good light so you can see what you are doing. Unless you are unusually flexible you won't be able to see your entire vulva without them. You will be more likely to cut yourself if you don't.

• Some women recommend using a loofah sponge on the days you do not shave, when you bath or shower. Gently rub with and against the hair growth. This removes dead skin and helps keep the hair follicles open, reducing the chances of ingrown hair.

Many women want to know if there are other ways to removed pubic hair besides shaving. There are, but shaving is the most common method used. The only permanent way to remove pubic hair is still through electrolysis, which is very expensive. Current lasers remove the hair only temporally, but with repeated use does thin and eliminate some or all of the hair. The laser costs at least $300 US just for the bikini line. Some women use waxing which removes the hair for longer periods of time and leaves behind smoother skin. Waxing is often an uncomfortable if not painful process. Some women use caustic creams to remove the hair, many of these developed in years past in Europe and Asia. Some women actually pluck each hair out one by one. This is reportedly less painful than you would think, and gets easier with time. I guess it is kind of entrancing and relaxing habit. Some women use chemicals like Bikini Bare but these can burn the delicate tissues of the vulva, so extreme caution must be taken when they are used. If someone does invent a cheap and quick way to remove pubic hair, I'm sure many women will be lining up to have some if not all of it removed.

Vaginal Cosmetic Surgery

Labiaplasty (labia reduction & beautification) and other female cosmetic surgical procedures including Vaginoplasty (rejuvenation or tightening of the vagina) and Clitoral Unhooding (Hoodectomy), are becoming more popular as social acceptance of these cosmetic and reconstructive procedures continues toward mainstream. Labia surgery, which usually involves labia reduction—and vaginal rejuvenation, or tightening, are becoming as common today as other cosmetic procedures, including tummy tucks and breast augmentation. New advancements and techniques in Labiaplasty and Vaginoplasty typically lessen scarring, pain, recovery time, and show excellent results in the area sometimes referred to as Vaginal Cosmetic Surgery.

Three Surgical Procedures For Three Different Problems

Labiaplasty is for women who have a problem with large labia, asymmetric labia or related female genital issues. Labiaplasty permits the reduction of large labia (labia minora and labia majora) to reduce their outward appearance and correct misshapenness or irregularities. Vaginoplasty—often called vaginal rejuvenation—is another surgical procedure that can help women who've had multiple childbirths by offering a surgical remedy to tighten and enhance the sensitivity of the vagina. Finally, Clitoral Unhooding (Hoodectomy), offers women new heightened sensation, arousal and increased personal satisfaction in their sex lives. The number of procedures in each surgical area (Labiaplasty, Vaginoplasty, Clitoral Unhooding) has been dramatically increasing. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) only recently began collecting information on vaginal rejuvenation (Vaginoplasty) in 2005—exclusively from their membership—but the growth in this area alone was shown to increase almost thirty percent (29.9%), from 2006, far eclipsing all but two other cosmetic procedures (Calf Implants & Pectoral Implants). It’s important to note that these numbers do not include the majority of procedures performed by OB/GYNs, Cosmetic Surgeons, and Urologists.

Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS)—of which Vaginal Plastic Surgery is part—is a demanding surgical field, and few surgeons are skilled enough to perform the delicate procedures with good results. Some surgeons are formally trained in female medicine, as OB-GYNs—while others, equally competent, are plastic surgeons, cosmetic surgeons, and urologists. All are trained to understand the artistic nature of the procedure; and desired results that women expect. In almost every instance, women should only consider these types of surgical specialists when having one of these procedures performed.

Labiaplastysurgeon.com was one of the very first web portals, (launched almost six years ago), to address, in detail, the Feminine Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) medical field. As such, our intellectual roster of physicians from four surgical fields of medicine now includes Cosmetic Surgeons, OB/GYNs, Urologists, and Plastic Surgeons. The combined knowledge of the surgeons on this web portal empowers patients with the most comprehensive knowledge base of information, which women (and their mates) can use to choose the best surgeon for their needs. Our surgeons are diversely located to help patients find the best surgeon in their area and each was chosen because of their high professional qualifications and credentials in performing such procedures—and just as important, their good results.

Dr. Bernard Stern (Fort Lauderdale, Florida and Alexandria, Virginia 888-696-4767), Dr. Royal Benson (Bryan/College Station, Texas 979-412-0358), Dr. Ryan Stanton (Beverly Hills, California 310-278-0077), Dr. Federico Gonzalez (Olathe/Kansas City, Kansas (913) 782-0707), Dr. Vitaly Raykhman (Manhattan/Brooklyn, New York (718) 375-2100), Dr. Scott Gulinson (Phoenix/Glendale, Arizona 623-245-9095), Dr. Otto Placik (Chicago/Arlington Heights, Illinois 312-787-5313), Dr. Michael Goodman (Davis, California (530) 753-2787), Dr. John Miklos and Dr. Robert Moore (Alpharetta/Atlanta, Georgia (770) 475-4499), and Dr. William Shuell (Scottsdale, Arizona (480) 464-8000) specialize in Vaginal Cosmetic Surgery including:

• Labiaplasty (Large Labia Reduction & Beautification): Many women dislike the large protuberant appearance of their labia minora. This may cause severe embarrassment with a sexual partner or loss of self-esteem, and in some cases pain and discomfort.
  
  Not long ago, labiaplasty was usually only performed within a select group of entertainers and performers—women such as swimsuit models,and centerfold models. But today, with the advent of more sexually permissive magazines/videos, apparel and behavior, the importance of female genitalia are much more prevalent. Most often, labiaplasty is being done for two reasons… medical… and aesthetic.
  
  Medical reasons for labiaplasty (labia surgery) include the reduction of tissue from overly large or thick labia minora that can result in constant irritation in tight pants and discomfort when engaging in sports or other physical activities. In many of these instances, women are born with large labia—others may develop this condition with childbirth or age. Surgery of the labia represents a relatively safe solution to most medical reasons.
  
  Aesthetic reasons (beautification) are largely being driven by societal evolution regarding sexual habits, wants, and expectations. This is the primary reason driving the market for genital surgery, and is chiefly responsible for the dramatic increase in labiaplasty, as women in everyday life are now demanding more options when it comes to another openly accepted, self-esteem, minor surgical procedure. Most women seek sculpting of the labia, or vaginal beautification to achieve a better look for themselves, and their sexual partner. This can include even age-related enhancement for women who are older and want a return to the youthful look they had when they were younger.
  
  It's widely known that men today are experiencing more open awareness and discussion of their sexual problems and needs. Proof of this can be seen in the frequent advertising and availability of new medications such as Viagra®, Cialis®, Levitra® and other. Women are now experiencing the same thing. There is a societal evolution currently occurring about how men and women perceive each other in areas of sexual expectation, SPECIFICALLY when it comes to sexual performance and appearance.
  
  Simply stated, women, like men, want to "look good". This is a perfectly normal self-expectation. Woman today, can usually achieve this prospect through labia reduction surgery, at a reasonable cost.
  
  The bottom line is that aesthetic surgical labial reduction & beautification can greatly improve the aesthetic appearance of abnormally enlarged labia, and improve a woman's self-esteem.

• Vaginoplasty (Tightening & Rejuvenation of the Vagina): Another widely accepted surgical procedure, embraced by more and more women with children, is vaginal surgery, or vaginoplasty.
  
  An enlarged vagina is frequently a problem after childbirth, especially after multiple children, or vaginal delivery of a large baby or difficult delivery. Typically, the vagina and its supporting muscles and tissues, becomes stretched and torn during childbirth—this can include the area known as the Pelvic floor—which sadly, almost never returns to its pre-pregnancy state, once normal childbirth has occurred. The specialized surgical tightening and rejuvenation of the vagina, perineum, and the supporting muscles, is Vaginoplasty. (Vaginoplasty Before and After Photo Gallery.)
  
  Evolution in societal views about sexual expectations, performance, and marital relationships has resulted in vaginoplasty procedures that are increasing in number. Many women, with grown children, are now seeking renewal of the vaginal tissues-vaginal tightening-specifically to enhance the sexual experience they have with loving mates.

• Combination Labiaplasty & Vaginoplasty: Only a few specialized surgeons perform Vaginoplasty (rejuvenation & tightening) and Labiaplasty (reduction & beautification) at the same time. There are women who have been self conscious and bothered by large labia for years, but did nothing about it. Now, at the same time that they rejuvenate their sex lives thru Vaginoplasty—returning the vagina and supporting structures to a "pre-pregnancy" state—they can have their labia reduced and beautified; relieving any discomfort and self-consciousness they may have experienced in the past. The real advantage to having a combination surgery performed is that there is only one anesthesia session, and this usually results in considerable savings in procedural cost. (Combination Labiaplasty and Vaginoplasty Before and After Photo Gallery.)

• Hymenoplasty (Hymen repair or reconstruction): LabiaplastySurgeon.com is sensitive to the needs of women whose cultures and religions embrace the need for unbroken hymen structure. As well, we discretely and confidentially help many women who have, sadly, been the victims of child molestation, child abuse, or rape. Many of our surgeons have years of experience in dealing with these problems and can assist you by calling them directly. Please feel free to call or email any of our surgeons about this special procedure.

Female sexual enhancement is defined as anything that enhances a woman's sexuality. This would include any procedures that improve ones self-image. Breast enlargement would be an example of the most frequent surgical procedures in this category. However, cosmetic surgery of the female external genitalia has been neglected and frequently overlooked because of conventional views on sexual acceptance. These views are now in a state of evolution yielding a more confident acceptance that these medical issues can be addressed with minor surgery.

Pregnancy Pains

Your body is constantly changing now that you are pregnant, which may cause discomfort. Some pregnancy discomforts may occur in the early weeks, while others occur only as you get closer to delivery. Other pregnancy discomforts may appear early and then go away, only to come back later. This is normal and usually does not mean something is wrong.
Every woman's pregnancy is unique, and some of the discomforts described in this article may not affect you. Discuss any concerns about pregnancy discomforts you are having with your health care provider.
Pregnancy Breast Changes
Most pregnant women will feel some changes in their breasts. Your breasts will increase in size as your milk glands enlarge and the fat tissue increases, causing breast firmness and tenderness in the first and last few months of pregnancy. Bluish veins may also appear as your blood supply increases. Your nipples will also darken and a thick fluid called colostrum may leak from your breasts. All of these breast changes are normal.
Recommendations:
Wear a bra that provides firm support.
Choose cotton bras or those made from other natural fibers.
Increase your bra size as your breasts become larger. Your bra should fit well without irritating your nipples. Try maternity or nursing bras, which provide more support and can be used after pregnancy if you choose to breastfeed.
To ease discomfort and maintain support, try wearing a bra during the night and day.
Tuck a cotton handkerchief or gauze pad into each bra cup to absorb leaking fluid. Nursing pads, which you can buy in a pharmacy, are also available. Make sure to change these pads as needed to prevent irritation to the underlying skin.
Clean your breasts with warm water only; do not use soap or other products since they can cause dryness.
Pregnancy Fatigue
Your growing baby requires extra energy, which may make you feel tired. Sometimes, feeling tired may be a sign of anemia (low iron in the blood), which is common during pregnancy.
Recommendations:
Get plenty of rest; go to bed early at night and try taking naps during the day.
Maintain a regular schedule when possible but pace your activities; balance activity with rest when needed.
Exercise daily to increase your energy level.
If you think anemia may be a concern, ask your health care provider to test your blood.
Pregnancy Nausea or Vomiting
An upset stomach is one of the most common discomforts during pregnancy. Nausea is a result of hormonal changes and most often occurs early in pregnancy until your body adjusts to the increased production of hormones.
Nausea can begin in early pregnancy, but is usually gone by the fourth month. It can occur at any time of the day but may be worse in the morning when your stomach is empty (this is often called "morning sickness") or if you are not eating enough.
Recommendations:
If nausea is a problem in the morning, eat dry foods like cereal, toast or crackers before getting out of bed. Or, try eating a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed (protein takes longer to digest).
Eat small meals or snacks every 2-3 hours rather than three large meals. Eat slowly and chew your food completely.
Sip on fluids throughout the day. Avoid large amounts of fluids at one time. Try cool, clear fruit juices, such as apple or grape juice.
Avoid spicy, fried, or greasy foods.
If you are bothered by strong smells, eat foods cold or at room temperature and avoid odors that bother you.
Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin B6 or other treatments.
Contact your health care provider if your vomiting is constant or so severe that you can't keep fluids or foods down. This can cause dehydration and should be treated right away.

Your body is constantly changing now that you are pregnant, which may cause discomfort. Some pregnancy discomforts may occur in the early weeks, while others occur only as you get closer to delivery. Other pregnancy discomforts may appear early and then go away, only to come back later. This is normal and usually does not mean something is wrong.
Every woman's pregnancy is unique, and some of the discomforts described in this article may not affect you. Discuss any concerns about pregnancy discomforts you are having with your health care provider.
Pregnancy Breast Changes
Most pregnant women will feel some changes in their breasts. Your breasts will increase in size as your milk glands enlarge and the fat tissue increases, causing breast firmness and tenderness in the first and last few months of pregnancy. Bluish veins may also appear as your blood supply increases. Your nipples will also darken and a thick fluid called colostrum may leak from your breasts. All of these breast changes are normal.
Recommendations:
Wear a bra that provides firm support.
Choose cotton bras or those made from other natural fibers.
Increase your bra size as your breasts become larger. Your bra should fit well without irritating your nipples. Try maternity or nursing bras, which provide more support and can be used after pregnancy if you choose to breastfeed.
To ease discomfort and maintain support, try wearing a bra during the night and day.
Tuck a cotton handkerchief or gauze pad into each bra cup to absorb leaking fluid. Nursing pads, which you can buy in a pharmacy, are also available. Make sure to change these pads as needed to prevent irritation to the underlying skin.
Clean your breasts with warm water only; do not use soap or other products since they can cause dryness.
Pregnancy Fatigue
Your growing baby requires extra energy, which may make you feel tired. Sometimes, feeling tired may be a sign of anemia (low iron in the blood), which is common during pregnancy.
Recommendations:
Get plenty of rest; go to bed early at night and try taking naps during the day.
Maintain a regular schedule when possible but pace your activities; balance activity with rest when needed.
Exercise daily to increase your energy level.
If you think anemia may be a concern, ask your health care provider to test your blood.
Pregnancy Nausea or Vomiting
An upset stomach is one of the most common discomforts during pregnancy. Nausea is a result of hormonal changes and most often occurs early in pregnancy until your body adjusts to the increased production of hormones.
Nausea can begin in early pregnancy, but is usually gone by the fourth month. It can occur at any time of the day but may be worse in the morning when your stomach is empty (this is often called "morning sickness") or if you are not eating enough.
Recommendations:
If nausea is a problem in the morning, eat dry foods like cereal, toast or crackers before getting out of bed. Or, try eating a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed (protein takes longer to digest).
Eat small meals or snacks every 2-3 hours rather than three large meals. Eat slowly and chew your food completely.
Sip on fluids throughout the day. Avoid large amounts of fluids at one time. Try cool, clear fruit juices, such as apple or grape juice.
Avoid spicy, fried, or greasy foods.
If you are bothered by strong smells, eat foods cold or at room temperature and avoid odors that bother you.
Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin B6 or other treatments.
Contact your health care provider if your vomiting is constant or so severe that you can't keep fluids or foods down. This can cause dehydration and should be treated right away.

Difficulty Sleeping During Pregnancy
Finding a comfortable resting position can become difficult later in pregnancy.
Recommendations:
Don't take sleep medication.
Try drinking warm milk at bedtime.
Try taking a warm shower or bath before bedtime.
Use extra pillows for support while sleeping. Lying on your side, place a pillow under your head, abdomen, behind your back and between your knees to prevent muscle strain and help you get the rest you need. You will probably feel better lying on your left side; this improves circulation of blood throughout your body.
Pregnancy Heartburn or Indigestion
Heartburn (indigestion) is a burning feeling that starts in the stomach and seems to rise to the throat. It occurs during pregnancy because your digestive system works more slowly due to changing hormone levels. Also, your enlarged uterus can crowd your stomach, pushing stomach acids upward.
Recommendations:
Eat several small meals each day instead of three large meals.
Eat slowly.
Drink warm liquids such as herbal tea.
Avoid fried, spicy, or rich foods, or any foods that seem to give you indigestion.
Don't lie down directly after eating.
Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of your bed. Or, place pillows under your shoulders to prevent stomach acids from rising into your chest.
Don't mix fatty foods with sweets in one meal and try to separate liquids and solids at meals.
Try heartburn relievers such as Tums, Maalox, Titralac, Mylanta, Riopan, or Gaviscon.
Pregnancy Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins that appear as painful lumps on the anus. They may form as a result of increased circulation and pressure on the rectum and vagina from your growing baby.
Recommendations:
Try to avoid constipation; constipation can cause hemorrhoids and will make them more painful.
Try to avoid sitting or standing for long periods of time; change your position frequently.
Make an effort not to strain during a bowel movement.
Apply ice packs or cold compresses to the area or take a warm bath a few times a day to provide relief.
Avoid tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose.
Discuss the use of a hemorrhoid treatment with your health care provider.
Pregnancy Varicose Veins
An increased volume of blood and the pressure of your growing uterus can slow your circulation, sometimes causing the veins in your legs to become larger or swollen.
Recommendations:
Although varicose veins are usually hereditary, here are some preventive tips:
Avoid standing or sitting in one place for long periods. It's important to get up and move around often.
Avoid remaining in any position that might restrict the circulation in your legs (such as crossing your legs while sitting).
Elevate your legs and feet while sitting.
Exercise regularly.
Wear support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight.

Pregnancy Leg Cramps
Pressure from your growing uterus can cause leg cramps or sharp pains down your legs.
Recommendations:
Be sure to eat and drink foods and beverages rich in calcium (such as milk, broccoli or cheese).
Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes.
Try wearing support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight.
Elevate your legs when possible; avoid crossing your legs.
Exercise daily.
Stretch your legs before going to bed.
Avoid lying on your back, since the weight of your body and the pressure of your enlarged uterus can slow the circulation in your legs, causing cramps.
Gently stretch any muscle that becomes cramped by straightening your leg, flexing your foot, and pulling your toes toward you.
Try massaging the cramp, or apply heat or a hot water bottle to the sore area.
Pregnancy Nasal Congestion
You may have a "stuffy nose" or feel like you have a cold. Pregnancy hormones sometimes dry out the lining in your nose, making it inflamed and swollen.
Recommendations:
Apply a warm, wet washcloth to your cheeks, eyes, and nose to reduce congestion.
Don't use nose sprays; they can aggravate your symptoms.
Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day) to thin mucus.
Elevate your head with an extra pillow while sleeping to prevent mucus from blocking your throat.
Use a humidifier or vaporizer to add moisture to the air.
Shortness of Breath During Pregnancy
Shortness of breath can occur due to increased upward pressure of the uterus
Recommendations:
When walking, slow down and rest a few moments.
Raise your arms over your head (this lifts your rib cage and allows you to breathe in more air).
Avoid lying flat on your back, and try sleeping with your head elevated.
Pregnancy Stretch Marks
Stretch marks are a type of scar tissue that forms when the skin's normal elasticity is not enough for the stretching required during pregnancy. They usually appear on the abdomen and can also appear on the breasts, buttocks or thighs. While they won't disappear completely, stretch marks will fade after delivery. Stretch marks affect the surface under the skin and are usually not preventable.
Recommendations:
Be sure that your diet contains enough sources of the nutrients needed for healthy skin (especially vitamins C and E).
Apply lotion to your skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness.
Exercise daily.
Swelling in the Feet and Legs During Pregnancy
Pressure from the growing uterus on the blood vessels carrying blood from the lower body causes fluid retention that results in swelling (edema) in the legs and feet.
Recommendations:
Try not to stay on your feet for long periods of time. Avoid standing in one place.
Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day).
Avoid foods high in salt (sodium).
Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Avoid crossing your legs.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing; tight clothing can slow circulation and increase fluid retention.
Don't wear tight shoes; choose supportive shoes with low, wide heels.
Keep your diet rich in protein; too little protein can cause fluid retention.
Notify your health care provider if your hands or face swell. This may be a warning sign of preeclampsia.
Rest on your side during the day to help increase blood flow to your kidneys.

Pregnancy Leg Cramps
Pressure from your growing uterus can cause leg cramps or sharp pains down your legs.
Recommendations:
Be sure to eat and drink foods and beverages rich in calcium (such as milk, broccoli or cheese).
Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes.
Try wearing support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight.
Elevate your legs when possible; avoid crossing your legs.
Exercise daily.
Stretch your legs before going to bed.
Avoid lying on your back, since the weight of your body and the pressure of your enlarged uterus can slow the circulation in your legs, causing cramps.
Gently stretch any muscle that becomes cramped by straightening your leg, flexing your foot, and pulling your toes toward you.
Try massaging the cramp, or apply heat or a hot water bottle to the sore area.
Pregnancy Nasal Congestion
You may have a "stuffy nose" or feel like you have a cold. Pregnancy hormones sometimes dry out the lining in your nose, making it inflamed and swollen.
Recommendations:
Apply a warm, wet washcloth to your cheeks, eyes, and nose to reduce congestion.
Don't use nose sprays; they can aggravate your symptoms.
Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day) to thin mucus.
Elevate your head with an extra pillow while sleeping to prevent mucus from blocking your throat.
Use a humidifier or vaporizer to add moisture to the air.
Shortness of Breath During Pregnancy
Shortness of breath can occur due to increased upward pressure of the uterus
Recommendations:
When walking, slow down and rest a few moments.
Raise your arms over your head (this lifts your rib cage and allows you to breathe in more air).
Avoid lying flat on your back, and try sleeping with your head elevated.
Pregnancy Stretch Marks
Stretch marks are a type of scar tissue that forms when the skin's normal elasticity is not enough for the stretching required during pregnancy. They usually appear on the abdomen and can also appear on the breasts, buttocks or thighs. While they won't disappear completely, stretch marks will fade after delivery. Stretch marks affect the surface under the skin and are usually not preventable.
Recommendations:
Be sure that your diet contains enough sources of the nutrients needed for healthy skin (especially vitamins C and E).
Apply lotion to your skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness.
Exercise daily.
Swelling in the Feet and Legs During Pregnancy
Pressure from the growing uterus on the blood vessels carrying blood from the lower body causes fluid retention that results in swelling (edema) in the legs and feet.
Recommendations:
Try not to stay on your feet for long periods of time. Avoid standing in one place.
Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day).
Avoid foods high in salt (sodium).
Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Avoid crossing your legs.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing; tight clothing can slow circulation and increase fluid retention.
Don't wear tight shoes; choose supportive shoes with low, wide heels.
Keep your diet rich in protein; too little protein can cause fluid retention.
Notify your health care provider if your hands or face swell. This may be a warning sign of preeclampsia.
Rest on your side during the day to help increase blood flow to your kidneys.
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
The muscles in your uterus will contract (tighten) as early as the second trimester of pregnancy on. Irregular, infrequent contractions are called Braxton-Hicks contractions (also known as "false labor pains"). These are normal during pregnancy.
Recommendations:
Try to relax
Change positions. Sometimes this can alleviate the contractions.

Vaginal Infections

Vaginitis" is a medical term used to describe various conditions that cause infection or inflammation of the vagina. Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation of both the vagina and vulva (the external female genitals). These conditions can result from a vaginal infection caused by organisms such as bacteria, yeast or viruses, as well as by irritations from chemicals in creams, sprays, or even clothing that is in contact with this area. In some cases, vaginitis results from organisms that are passed between sexual partners.
What Are the Symptoms of a Vaginal Infection?
The symptoms of vaginitis can vary depending on what is causing the infection. Some women have no symptoms at all. Some of the more common symptoms of vaginitis include:
Abnormal vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor.
Burning during urination.
Itching around the outside of the vagina.
Discomfort during intercourse.
Is Vaginal Discharge Normal?
A woman's vagina normally produces a discharge that usually is described as clear or slightly cloudy, non-irritating, and odor-free. During the normal menstrual cycle, the amount and consistency of discharge can vary. At one time of the month there may be a small amount of a very thin or watery discharge; and at another time, a more extensive thicker discharge may appear. All of these descriptions could be considered normal.
A vaginal discharge that has an odor or that is irritating usually is considered an abnormal discharge. The irritation might be itching or burning, or both. The itching may be present at any time of the day, but it often is most bothersome at night. These symptoms often are made worse by sexual intercourse. It is important to see your doctor if there has been a change in the amount, color, or smell of the discharge.
What Are the Most Common Types of Vaginal Infections?
The 6 most common types of vaginal infections are:
Candida or "yeast" infections
Bacterial vaginosis
Trichomoniasis vaginitis
Chlamydia vaginitis
Viral vaginitis
Non-infectious vaginitis
Although each of these vaginal infections can have different symptoms, it is not always easy for a woman to figure out which type of vaginal infection she has. In fact, diagnosis can even be tricky for an experienced doctor. Part of the problem is that sometimes more than one type of infection can be present at the same time. And, an infection may even be present without any symptoms at all.
To help you better understand these 6 major causes of vaginitis, let's look briefly at each one of them and how they are treated.
What Is Candida or a Vaginal "Yeast" Infection?
Yeast infections of the vagina are what most women think of when they hear the term "vaginitis." Vaginal yeast infections are caused by one of the many species of fungus called Candida. Candida normally live in small numbers in the vagina, as well as in the mouth and digestive tract, of both men and women.
Yeast infections can produce a thick, white vaginal discharge with the consistency of cottage cheese although vaginal discharge may not always be present. Yeast infections usually cause the vagina and the vulva to be very itchy and red.

Are Vaginal Yeast Infections Transmitted by Sexual Intercourse?
Yeast infections are not usually transmitted through sexual intercourse and are not considered a sexually transmitted disease.
What Factors Increase Your Risk of Vaginal Yeast Infections?
A few things will increase your risk of contacting a yeast infection, including:
Recent treatment with antibiotics. For example, a woman may take an antibiotic to treat an infection, and the antibiotic kills her "friendly" bacteria that normally keep the yeast in balance. As a result, the yeast overgrows and causes the infection.
Uncontrolled diabetes. This allows for too much sugar in the urine and vagina.
Pregnancy which changes hormone levels
Other Factors Include:
Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
Disorders affecting the immune system
Thyroid or endocrine disorders
Corticosteroid therapy
How Are Vaginal Yeast Infections Treated?
Yeast infections are most often treated with medicine that you put into your vagina. This medicine may be in cream or suppository form and many are available over-the-counter. Medicine in a pill form that you take by mouth is also available by prescription.
What Should I Do to Prevent Vaginal Yeast Infections?
To prevent yeast infections, you should:
Wear loose clothing made from natural fibers (cotton, linen, silk).
Avoid wearing tight pants.
Don't douche. (Douching can kill bacteria that control fungus.)
Limit the use of feminine deodorant.
Limit the use of deodorant tampons or pads to the times when you need them.
Change out of wet clothing, especially bathing suits, as soon as you can
Avoid frequent hot tub baths.
Wash underwear in hot water.
Eat a well-balanced diet.
Eat yogurt.
If you have diabetes, keep your blood sugar level as close to normal as possible.
If you get frequent yeast infections, tell your doctor. He or she may need to do certain tests to rule out other medical conditions.
What Is Bacterial Vaginosis?
Although "yeast" is the name most women think of when they think of vaginal infections, bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common type of vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. BV is caused by a combination of several bacteria. These bacteria seem to overgrow in much the same way as do Candida when the vaginal balance is upset. The exact reason for this overgrowth is not known.
Is Bacterial Vaginosis Transmitted by Sexual Intercourse?
BV is not transmitted through sexual intercourse but is more common in women who are sexually active. It is also not a serious health concern but can increase a woman's risk of developing other sexually transmitted diseases and can increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) following surgical procedures such as abortion and hysterectomy. Some studies have shown and increased risk of early labor and premature births in women who have the infection during pregnancy. More recent investigations do not support this relationship.

What Are the Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Up to 50% of the women who have bacterial vaginosis do not have any symptoms. Most women learn they have the infection during their annual gynecologic exam. But if symptoms appear, they can include:
White or discolored discharge
Discharge that smells "fishy" that is often strongest agter sex
Pain during urination
Itchy and sore vagina
How Is Bacterial Vaginosis Diagnosed?
Your doctor can tell you if you have BV. He or she will examine you and will take a sample of fluid from your vagina. The fluid is viewed under a microscope. In most cases, your doctor can tell right away if you have BV.
What Is the Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial vaginosis can only be treated with medicines ordered by your doctor. Over-the-counter remedies will not cure BV. The most common medicines prescribed for BV are called metronidazole (Flagyl) and clindamycin (Cleocin). These medications may be taken as a pill or used as a vaginal cream or gel.
Should I Be Treated for Bacterial Vaginosis if I am Pregnant?
Maybe. But some medications for BV should not be taken during the first three months of pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant. Also let your doctor know if you think that you might be pregnant. You and your doctor should discuss whether or not the infection should be treated.
How Can I Protect Myself From Bacterial Vaginosis?
Ways to prevent BV are not yet known. Female hygiene products like douches and deodorants will not cure the infection. These products may even make the infection worse.
What Vaginal Infections Are Transmitted Through Sexual Intercourse?
There are several vaginal infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. Trichomoniasis, caused by a tiny single-celled organism that infects the vagina, can cause a frothy, greenish-yellow discharge. Often this discharge will have a foul smell. Women with trichomonal vaginitis may complain of itching and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well as burning during urination. In addition, there can be discomfort in the lower abdomen and vaginal pain with intercourse. These symptoms may be worse after the menstrual period. Many women, however, do not develop any symptoms.
Chlamydia is another sexually transmitted form of vaginitis. Unfortunately, most women with chlamydia infection do not have symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. A vaginal discharge is sometimes present, but not always. More often, a woman might experience light bleeding, especially after intercourse, and she may have pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis. Chlamydial vaginitis is most common in young women (18-35 years) who have multiple sexual partners. If you fit this description, you should request screening for chlamydia during your annual checkup. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause damage to a woman's reproductive organs, and can make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant.
Several sexually transmitted viruses cause vaginitis, including the herpes simplex virus and the humanpapilloma virus (HPV). The primary symptom of herpes is pain associated with lesions or "sores." These sores usually are visible on the vulva or the vagina but occasionally are deep inside the vagina and can only be seen during a gynecologic exam.HPV, sometimes referred to as genital warts, can cause warts to grow in the vagina, rectum, vulva or groin. These warts, when visible, usually are white to gray in color, but they may be pink or purple. When warts are not visible, a Pap smear or a more specialized HPV test may be the only way to detect the virus.

What Are the Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Up to 50% of the women who have bacterial vaginosis do not have any symptoms. Most women learn they have the infection during their annual gynecologic exam. But if symptoms appear, they can include:
White or discolored discharge
Discharge that smells "fishy" that is often strongest agter sex
Pain during urination
Itchy and sore vagina
How Is Bacterial Vaginosis Diagnosed?
Your doctor can tell you if you have BV. He or she will examine you and will take a sample of fluid from your vagina. The fluid is viewed under a microscope. In most cases, your doctor can tell right away if you have BV.
What Is the Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial vaginosis can only be treated with medicines ordered by your doctor. Over-the-counter remedies will not cure BV. The most common medicines prescribed for BV are called metronidazole (Flagyl) and clindamycin (Cleocin). These medications may be taken as a pill or used as a vaginal cream or gel.
Should I Be Treated for Bacterial Vaginosis if I am Pregnant?
Maybe. But some medications for BV should not be taken during the first three months of pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant. Also let your doctor know if you think that you might be pregnant. You and your doctor should discuss whether or not the infection should be treated.
How Can I Protect Myself From Bacterial Vaginosis?
Ways to prevent BV are not yet known. Female hygiene products like douches and deodorants will not cure the infection. These products may even make the infection worse.
What Vaginal Infections Are Transmitted Through Sexual Intercourse?
There are several vaginal infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. Trichomoniasis, caused by a tiny single-celled organism that infects the vagina, can cause a frothy, greenish-yellow discharge. Often this discharge will have a foul smell. Women with trichomonal vaginitis may complain of itching and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well as burning during urination. In addition, there can be discomfort in the lower abdomen and vaginal pain with intercourse. These symptoms may be worse after the menstrual period. Many women, however, do not develop any symptoms.
Chlamydia is another sexually transmitted form of vaginitis. Unfortunately, most women with chlamydia infection do not have symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. A vaginal discharge is sometimes present, but not always. More often, a woman might experience light bleeding, especially after intercourse, and she may have pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis. Chlamydial vaginitis is most common in young women (18-35 years) who have multiple sexual partners. If you fit this description, you should request screening for chlamydia during your annual checkup. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause damage to a woman's reproductive organs, and can make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant.
Several sexually transmitted viruses cause vaginitis, including the herpes simplex virus and the humanpapilloma virus (HPV). The primary symptom of herpes is pain associated with lesions or "sores." These sores usually are visible on the vulva or the vagina but occasionally are deep inside the vagina and can only be seen during a gynecologic exam.HPV, sometimes referred to as genital warts, can cause warts to grow in the vagina, rectum, vulva or groin. These warts, when visible, usually are white to gray in color, but they may be pink or purple. When warts are not visible, a Pap smear or a more specialized HPV test may be the only way to detect the virus.

What Are the Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Up to 50% of the women who have bacterial vaginosis do not have any symptoms. Most women learn they have the infection during their annual gynecologic exam. But if symptoms appear, they can include:
White or discolored discharge
Discharge that smells "fishy" that is often strongest agter sex
Pain during urination
Itchy and sore vagina
How Is Bacterial Vaginosis Diagnosed?
Your doctor can tell you if you have BV. He or she will examine you and will take a sample of fluid from your vagina. The fluid is viewed under a microscope. In most cases, your doctor can tell right away if you have BV.
What Is the Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial vaginosis can only be treated with medicines ordered by your doctor. Over-the-counter remedies will not cure BV. The most common medicines prescribed for BV are called metronidazole (Flagyl) and clindamycin (Cleocin). These medications may be taken as a pill or used as a vaginal cream or gel.
Should I Be Treated for Bacterial Vaginosis if I am Pregnant?
Maybe. But some medications for BV should not be taken during the first three months of pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant. Also let your doctor know if you think that you might be pregnant. You and your doctor should discuss whether or not the infection should be treated.
How Can I Protect Myself From Bacterial Vaginosis?
Ways to prevent BV are not yet known. Female hygiene products like douches and deodorants will not cure the infection. These products may even make the infection worse.
What Vaginal Infections Are Transmitted Through Sexual Intercourse?
There are several vaginal infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. Trichomoniasis, caused by a tiny single-celled organism that infects the vagina, can cause a frothy, greenish-yellow discharge. Often this discharge will have a foul smell. Women with trichomonal vaginitis may complain of itching and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well as burning during urination. In addition, there can be discomfort in the lower abdomen and vaginal pain with intercourse. These symptoms may be worse after the menstrual period. Many women, however, do not develop any symptoms.
Chlamydia is another sexually transmitted form of vaginitis. Unfortunately, most women with chlamydia infection do not have symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. A vaginal discharge is sometimes present, but not always. More often, a woman might experience light bleeding, especially after intercourse, and she may have pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis. Chlamydial vaginitis is most common in young women (18-35 years) who have multiple sexual partners. If you fit this description, you should request screening for chlamydia during your annual checkup. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause damage to a woman's reproductive organs, and can make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant.
Several sexually transmitted viruses cause vaginitis, including the herpes simplex virus and the humanpapilloma virus (HPV). The primary symptom of herpes is pain associated with lesions or "sores." These sores usually are visible on the vulva or the vagina but occasionally are deep inside the vagina and can only be seen during a gynecologic exam.HPV, sometimes referred to as genital warts, can cause warts to grow in the vagina, rectum, vulva or groin. These warts, when visible, usually are white to gray in color, but they may be pink or purple. When warts are not visible, a Pap smear or a more specialized HPV test may be the only way to detect the virus.